About the Indicator:

Alcohol is the most frequently used substance nationally and statewide, and is associated with a number of adverse health and social consequences. Reported use of alcohol in the past 30 days is a common measure of recent alcohol use. In Minnesota, it is illegal for a person under age 21 to consume alcohol.

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, any past 30 day alcohol use was reported by 24.4% of 9th graders and 39.2% of 11th graders nationally.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8th, 9th, and 11th graders who reported past-30 day alcohol use, those who DIDN'T report alcohol use were 2.6 times less likely to report past-year suicidal ideation; 1.8 times less likely to report problems with feeling depressed in the past year; 1.6 times less likely to report feeling anxious in the past year; 2.5 times less likely to report self harm in the past year; 1.4 times less likely to report past-month bullying victimization; 2 times less likely to report not feeling safe in their neighborhoods; 1.9 times less likely to report not being able to talk to their parents about problems; and 2.3 times less likely to report their parents only care about them some, a little, or not at all.

On the other hand, compared to those students who DID report past 30-day alcohol use, those who DIDN'T report use were 1.7 times more likely to report better teacher-student relationships; 1.4 times more likely to report greater educational engagement; 1.6 times more likely to report that the adults in their communities care about them quite a bit or very much; and 1.2 times more likely to report weekly participation in community activities.

Further, those students who reported using alcohol monthly or more often were 1.8 times more likely to think that most students in their school also drank monthly or more often, as compared to those who didn't drink. The association was even stronger in the other direction: students who think most of their peers use monthly or more often were 6.7 times more likely themselves to report using alcohol that often.


"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

The average age at which young people ages 12 to 17 begin to drink is 13 years old. 

According to the national 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 20.3% of 9^th graders and 15.2% of 11^th graders reported they first drank alcohol before age 13 years. Nationally, 14.5% of white students, 18.0% of black students, and 21.3% of Hispanic students reported their first drink of alcohol at younger than age 13.

N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Acute, short-term “binge drinking” is defined as having five or more drinks of alcohol on a single occasion. Up until 2010, the MSS asked students about past two week binge drinking; in 2013 they were asked about past 30 day binge drinking. Binge drinking has been associated with alcohol related injuries and deaths, as well as violence and crime. In Minnesota, it is illegal for a person under age 21 to consume alcohol. 

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 13.5% of 9^th graders and 24.6% of 11^th graders reported binge drinking in the past month nationally.

N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Only includes students who reported ever having had sexual intercourse

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Students were asked specifically how much they thought people risked harming themselves physically or in other ways if they have 5 or more drinks of alcohol once or twice per week. "N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

This indicator reflects students responding that they purchased alcohol from one or more of the following sources: gas stations, convenience stores, bars or restaurants, liquor stores, or on the internet.  These data include only students who reported any alcohol use in the past 30 days.  Students were asked to select all methods of obtaining alcohol that applied.  N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Access questions were not asked in 2016.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

This indicator reflects students responding that they got alcohol from one or more of the following sources: their friends, their parents, other family members, getting someone else to buy it for them, or at parties.  These data include only students who reported any alcohol use in the past 30 days.  Students were asked to select all methods of obtaining alcohol that applied.  N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Access questions were not asked in 2016.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

This indicator reflects students responding that they took alcohol from one or more of the following sources: their home, a friend’s home, or from stores.  These data include only students who reported any alcohol use in the past 30 days.  Students were asked to select all methods of obtaining alcohol that applied.  N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.


Access questions were not asked in 2016.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about parent disapproval changed considerably in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent their parents would approve or disapprove of them drinking alcohol. In 2013, students were asked how wrong their parents would feel it would be for them to have one or two drinks nearly every day. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: This question was new to the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey. Other response options included: "neither agree nor disagree", "disagree", and "strongly disagree."

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: This question was new to the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey. Other response options included: "neither agree nor disagree", "disagree", and "strongly disagree."

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

When asked how often they think MOST STUDENTS at their school drink alcohol, 53% of Minnesota’s 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders responded with monthly or more often. In reality, past month alcohol use was reported by 17% of students. Students who believe that most students do drink alcohol monthly or more often are over 6.5 times more likely to report they drink alcohol monthly or more often themselves, as compared to students who perceive that most students don’t drink monthly or more often.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Reported tobacco use within the past 30 days (“30-day use”) is a frequent measure of current use, especially among youth. Youth tobacco use is presented here using 30-day use of cigarettes. In Minnesota, no person under 18 may possess, use, purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products or tobacco-related devices (Minn. Stat. § 609.685).

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, any past 30-day cigarette smoking was reported by 10.2% of 9th graders and 21.1% of 11th graders nationally.

According to 2013 MSS data, those students who reported using tobacco monthly or more often were 2 times more likely to think that most students in their school also used tobacco monthly or more often, as compared to those who didn't use. The association was even stronger in the other direction: students who think most of their peers use monthly or more often were 6.4 times more likely themselves to report using tobacco that often.


"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Reported tobacco use within the past 30 days (“30-day use”) is a frequent measure of current use, especially among youth. Youth tobacco use is presented here using 30-day use of any of the following substances: cigarettes; cigars, cigarillos or little cigars; chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip; e-cigarettes; or hookah. In Minnesota, no person under 18 may possess, use, purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products or tobacco-related devices (Minn. Stat. § 609.685).

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Students were asked specifically how much they thought people risked harming themselves physically or in other ways if they smoked cigarettes.  Low perceived risk of harm increases the likelihood of use.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about parent disapproval changed considerably in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent their parents would approve or disapprove of them drinking alcohol. In 2013, students were asked how wrong their parents would feel it would be for them to have one or two drinks nearly every day. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Current marijuana use is often assessed with measures of reported use in the past 30 days (30-day use). Students were asked about their use of marijuana, bud, weed, pot, hashish, hash, or hash oil.

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 17.7% of 9th graders and 25.5% of 11th graders nationally reported any past 30 day marijuana use.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8th, 9th, and 11th graders who reported past-30 day marijuana use, those who DIDN'T report marijuana use were 2.7 times less likely to report past-year suicidal ideation; 1.8 times less likely to report problems with feeling depressed in the past year; 1.6 times less likely to report feeling anxious in the past year; 2.5 times less likely to report self harm in the past year; 1.3 times less likely to report past-month bullying victimization; 2.3 times less likely to report not feeling safe in their neighborhoods; 2.1 times less likely to report not being able to talk to their parents about problems; and 2.5 times less likely to report their parents only care about them some, a little, or not at all.

On the other hand, compared to those students who DID report past 30-day marijuana use, those who DIDN'T report marijuana use were 1.9 times more likely to report better teacher-student relationships; 1.6 times more likely to report greater educational engagement; 1.8 times more likely to report that the adults in their communities care about them quite a bit or very much; and 1.4 times more likely to report weekly participation in community activities.

Further, those students who reported using marijuana monthly or more often were 1.9 times more likely to think that most students in their school also used marijuana monthly or more often, as compared to those who didn't use. The association was even stronger in the other direction: students who think most of their peers use monthly or more often were 6.6 times more likely themselves to report using marijuana that often.


"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: According to the national 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 8.5% of 9^th graders and 6.7% of 11^th graders reported they first used marijuana before age 13 years. Nationally, 5.4% of white students, 10.6% of black students, and 10.9% of Hispanic students reported first using marijuana while younger than age 13.

N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of inhalants in the past 12 months.  Students were asked whether they sniffed glue, breathed the contents of aerosol spray cans, or inhaled any other gases or sprays in order to get high.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2010, reported past 12 month use of inhalants among 12th graders was lower in Minnesota than the national average (rate ratio = 0.67:1.00).  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).  For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of methamphetamines in the past 12 months.  Students were asked whether they used meth, glass, crank, crystal meth or ice. N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2010, reported past 12 month methamphetamine use among 12th graders was higher in Minnesota than the national average (rate ratio = 2.80:1.00).  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).  For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of MDMA, GHB or Ketamine in the past 12 months.  Students were asked whether they used MDMA (E, X, Ecstasy), GHB (G, Liquid E, Liquid X, roofies), or Ketamine (Special K).  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2007, reported past 12 month MDMA/Ecstasy use among 12th graders was lower in Minnesota than the national average (rate ratio = 0.89:1.00).  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).  For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of crack or cocaine in the past 12 months.  Student were asked whether they used crack, cocaine in chunk or rock form, or cocaine in any other form.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2010, reported past 12 month crack/cocaine use among 12th graders in Minnesota was 2.9%.  Nationally, 2.9% reported use of cocaine and 1.4% reported use of crack.  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).  For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of psychedelics in the past 12 months. Students were asked whether they used LSD (acid), PCP (wet sticks or dipped joints), or other psychedelics (mushrooms, angel dust).  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2010, reported past 12 month psychedelic use among 12th graders in Minnesota was 4.3%.  Nationally, 2.6% reported use of LSD and 4.8% reported use of other hallucinogens.  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).   For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of heroin in the past 12 months.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

In 2010, reported past 12 month heroin use among 12th graders was higher in Minnesota than the national average (rate ratio = 1.33:1.00).  State rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).  For more national comparisons, click here State Epi Profile.

Counts by race/ethnicity may not equal the state total, as students were allowed to select all applicable categories.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any use of synthetic drugs in the past 12 months. Students were asked whether they used synthetic drugs such as bath salts (White Wave, White Lightning), or synthetic marijuana (K2, Gold), that they took only to get high.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. As a result of discrepancies in illicit drug use responses, 2013 drug use data are not reliable and are not included here.

Because the question about synthetic drugs was added to the survey in 2013, trend data are not available.

For national comparisons, click here: State Epi Profile.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

 In 2013, a new question was added to the Minnesota Student Survey asking about student's past month misuse of any prescription drugs (use of prescription drugs not prescribed for them). Prescription drugs can have dangerous health consequences if used incorrectly, or if used by by someone other than for whom they were intended.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8th, 9th, and 11th graders who reported past-30 day prescription drug misuse, those who DIDN'T report misuse were 3.8 times less likely to report past-year suicidal ideation; 2.2 times less likely to report problems with feeling depressed in the past year; 1.9 times less likely to report feeling anxious in the past year; 3.6 times less likely to report self harm in the past year; 1.5 times less likely to report past-month bullying victimization; 3 times less likely to report not feeling safe in their neighborhoods; 2.6 times less likely to report not being able to talk to their parents about problems; and 3.4 times less likely to report their parents only care about them some, a little, or not at all.

On the other hand, compared to those students who DID report past 30-day prescription drug misuse, those who DIDN'T report misuse were 2 times more likely to report better teacher-student relationships; 1.7 times more likely to report greater educational engagement; 1.9 times more likely to report that the adults in their communities care about them quite a bit or very much; and 1.2 times more likely to report weekly participation in community activities.


"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of students reporting any abuse of prescription drugs in the past 12 months.  Students were asked whether they used Oxycodone, OxyContin (oxy), Percocet, Percodan, Vicodin or other pain relievers not prescribed for them by a doctor.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

In 2010, reported past 12 month prescription pain reliever use among 12th graders was similar in Minnesota to the national average (rate ratio = 1.02:1.00).  States rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF). 

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of 9th and 12th grade students reporting any abuse of their own or someone else’s prescription ADHD or ADD drugs like Ritalin (hyper pills) in the past 12 months for the purpose of getting high.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

In 2010, reported past 12 month ADHD or ADD drug use among 12th graders was higher in Minnesota than the national average (rate ratio = 1.17:1.00).  States rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Other drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of 9th and 12th grade students reporting any abuse of prescription stimulants like Benzedrine (bennies, speed, uppers, pep pills) or diet pills in the past 12 months for the purpose of getting high.  N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Drug consumption by youth is measured here as the number of 9th and 12th grade students reporting any abuse of prescription tranquilizers (Valium, Xanax, nerve pills), sedatives, or barbiturates in the past 12 months for the purpose of getting high.  N/A or * indicate that the data are unavailable or were not collected.  

In 2010, reported past 12 month tranquilizer/sedative use among 12th graders in Minnesota was 3.2%.  Nationally, 5.6% reported use of tranquilizers and 4.8% reported use of sedatives.  States rates are from the Minnesota Student Survey; national rates are from Monitoring the Future (MTF).

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Students were asked specifically how much they thought people risked harming themselves physically or in other ways if they smoked marijuana once or twice per week. "N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

The Minnesota Student Survey added a question about the perceived harm of misusing prescription drugs 2013. 

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about parent disapproval changed considerably in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent their parents would approve or disapprove of them smoking marijuana. In 2013, students were asked how wrong their parents would feel it would be for them to smoke marijuana. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about parent disapproval changed in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent their parents would approve or disapprove of them using other illegal drugs (other than marijuana). In 2013, this question was dropped and students were instead asked how wrong their parents would feel it would be for them to use prescription drugs not prescribed for them. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about peer disapproval changed in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent to which their close friends would approve or disapprove of them using illegal drugs (other than marijuana). In 2013, this question was dropped and students were instead asked how wrong their friends would feel it would be for them to use prescription drugs not prescribed for them. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: The Minnesota Student Survey question about peer disapproval changed in 2013. In prior years, students were asked about the extent to which their close friends would approve or disapprove of them smoking marijuana once or twice a week. In 2013, this question was dropped and students were instead asked how wrong their friends would feel it would be for them to smoke marijuana. Therefore, 9th grade trend data are available only for 2013 and 2016.

"N/A" indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. "*" indicates the data are unreliable as a result of small sample sizes or other reasons.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Intimate partner violence is a risk factor for both substance use and mental health disorders. N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected. This question changed in 2013.

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, physical dating violence was reported by 8.8% of 9th graders and 10.4% of 11th graders nationally.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

This indicator includes students responding "about once a week," "several times a week," or "every day" to any or all of the following Minnesota Student Survey questions:

During the last 30 days, how often have other students at school...?

• Pushed, shoved, slapped, hit or kicked you when they weren't kidding around
• Threatened to beat you up
• Spread mean rumors or lies about you
• Made sexual jokes, comments, or gestures toward you
• Excluded you from friends, other students, or activities

In 2016, past 30-day alcohol use was reported by 9.1% of students who said they were not bullied or harassed in the past month, 18.4% of students who were bullied or harassed at least once in the past month, 24.3% of students who were bullied or harassed weekly or more often, and 28.1% of students who reported being bullied or harassed every day.

Further, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported NO past-month bullying victimization, bullied students were 1.8 times more likely to report alcohol use; 1.9 times more likely to report tobacco use; 1.7 times more likely to report marijuana use; and 2.5 times more likely to report prescription drug misuse.

See the 2017 Bullying and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

This indicator includes students responding "about once a week," "several times a week," or "every day" to any or all of the following Minnesota Student Survey questions:

During the last 30 days, how often have other students at school...?

• Pushed, shoved, slapped, hit or kicked you when they weren't kidding around
• Threatened to beat you up
• Spread mean rumors or lies about you
• Made sexual jokes, comments, or gestures toward you
• Excluded you from friends, other students, or activities

In 2016, past 30-day alcohol use was reported by 9.1% of students who said they were not bullied or harassed in the past month, 18.4% of students who were bullied or harassed at least once in the past month, 24.3% of students who were bullied or harassed weekly or more often, and 28.1% of students who reported being bullied or harassed every day.

Further, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported NO past-month bullying victimization, bullied students were 1.8 times more likely to report alcohol use; 1.9 times more likely to report tobacco use; 1.7 times more likely to report marijuana use; and 2.5 times more likely to report prescription drug misuse.

See the 2017 Bullying and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect and a range of household dysfunction. ACEs put individuals at risk for a number of negative outcomes across the lifespan, including: alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; anxiety; hopelessness; depression; and suicidal ideation and attempts.

One ACE measured by the Minnesota Student Survey is household drug use. Students were asked if they lived with anyone who uses illegal drugs or abuses prescription drugs. Compared to students who do not live with someone who abuses drugs, those who do are more likely to report past month use of marijuana (40.6% vs 8.2%), alcohol (45.7% vs 15.0%), and tobacco (36.6% vs 9.6%). For more information on ACEs, see the 2017 ACEs and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

NOTE: 5th graders were asked this question in 2013, but were not asked in 2016.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Note: 5th graders were asked this question in 2013, but not in 2016.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect and a range of household dysfunction. ACEs put individuals at risk for a number of negative outcomes across the lifespan, including: alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; anxiety; hopelessness; depression; and suicidal ideation and attempts.

One ACE measured by the Minnesota Student Survey is parent or caregiver incarceration. Students were asked if any of their parents or guardians had ever been in jail or prison. Compared to students who do not have a parent or caregiver who is or ever has been in jail or prison, those who do are more likely to report past month use of marijuana (22.3% vs 7.7%), alcohol (29.4% vs 14.3%), and tobacco (23.5% vs 8.8%).For more information on ACEs, see the 2017 ACEs and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

For a concise explanation of the effects of parental incarceration on students, see the infographic "Academic Outcomes Among Youth with Incarcerated Parents in Minnesota."

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Note: 5th graders were asked this question in 2013, but not in 2016.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect and a range of household dysfunction. ACEs put individuals at risk for a number of negative outcomes across the lifespan, including: alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; anxiety; hopelessness; depression; and suicidal ideation and attempts.

One ACE measured by the Minnesota Student Survey is parent or household adult verbal abuse. Students were asked if a parent or another adult in the home regularly swears at them, insults them, or puts them down. Compared to students who do not report being verbally abused, those who do are more likely to report past month use of marijuana (19.8% vs 8.4%), alcohol (31.0% vs 14.4%), and tobacco (22.6% vs 9.3%).

For more information on ACEs, see the 2017 ACEs and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Note: 5th graders were asked this question in 2013, but not 2016.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect and a range of household dysfunction. ACEs put individuals at risk for a number of negative outcomes across the lifespan, including: alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; anxiety; hopelessness; depression; and suicidal ideation and attempts.

One ACE measured by the Minnesota Student Survey is household alcohol problems. Students were asked if they live with someone who drinks too much alcohol. Compared to students who do not live with someone who drinks too much alcohol, those who do are more likely to report past month use of marijuana (23.4% vs 8.5%), alcohol (35.8% vs 14.5%), and tobacco (25.9% vs 9.5%).

For more information on ACEs, see the 2017 ACEs and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect and a range of household dysfunction. ACEs put individuals at risk for a number of negative outcomes across the lifespan, including: alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; anxiety; hopelessness; depression; and suicidal ideation and attempts.

One ACE measured by the Minnesota Student Survey is parent or household adult physical abuse. Students were asked if a parent or another adult in the home has ever hit, beat, kicked or physically hurt them in any way. Compared to students who do not report being physically abused, those who do are more likely to report past month use of marijuana (20.7% vs 8.6%), alcohol (31.0% vs 14.8%), and tobacco (23.2% vs 9.5%).

Note: The question changed in 2013 from, "Has any adult in your household hit you so hard or so often that you had marks or were afraid of that person?" to "Has a parent or other adult in your household ever hit, beat, kicked or physically hurt you in any way?"

Additionally, 5th graders were not asked this question in 2016.

For more information on ACEs, see the 2014 ACEs and Behavioral Health SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

School safety is a factor associated with both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who “strongly agree” or “agree” they feel safe at school are 1.8 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 1.8 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 1.9 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 2.7 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who “disagree” or “strongly disagree.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Being able to talk to someone about problems you are having is a protective factor for both substance abuse and mental health disorders. Response options to the question “Can you talk to your mother about problems you are having?” include: “Yes, most of the time,” “Yes, some of the time,” “No, not very often,” “No, not at all,” and “My mother is not around.”

According to 2016 MSS data, students who said they could talk to their mother some or most of the time about problems they are having are 1.9 times less likely to report past-month alcohol use, 2.1 times less likely to report past-month tobacco use, 2.4 times less likely to report past-month marijuana use, and 2.6 times less likely to report any past-month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who can't talk to their mothers.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Being able to talk to someone about problems you are having is a protective factor for both substance abuse and mental health disorders. Response options to the question “Can you talk to your father about problems you are having?” include: “Yes, most of the time,” “Yes, some of the time,” “No, not very often,” “No, not at all,” and “My father is not around.”

According to 2016 MSS data, students who said they could talk to their father some or most of the time about problems they are having are 1.8 times less likely to report past-month alcohol use, 1.9 times less likely to report past-month tobacco use, 2.2 times less likely to report past-month marijuana use, and 2.3 times less likely to report any past-month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who can't talk to their fathers.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

For the first time in 2013, the Minnesota Student Survey (MSS) included modified items from Child Trends Flourishing Children Project. Educational engagement comprises the following MSS questions:

• How often do you care about doing well in school?
• How often do you pay attention in class?
• How often do you go to class unprepared?
• If something interests me, I try to learn more about it.
• I think the things I learn at school are useful.
• Being a student is one of the most important parts of who I am.

Response options for each of the last three items above are: strongly agree (coded as 4), agree (coded as 3), disagree (coded as 2), and strongly disagree (coded as 1). Response options for the first three questions were: all of the time, most of the time, some of the time, and none of the time--these were coded as 1 through 4, with the most positive response scoring 4 and the least positive response scoring 1. An educational engagement score can be created by summing the values for each question, obtaining a range from 6 to 24. Higher levels of educational engagement are measured as students reporting an overall score of 18 or higher; this corresponds to an average score of 3 or higher per question.

In 2019, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported lower levels of educational engagement, more engaged students were 2.4 times less likely to report past-month alcohol use; 2.4 times less likely to report tobacco use; 3.2 less likely to report past-month marijuana use; and 3.0 times less likely to report past-month prescription drug misuse.

For more, see the Educational Engagement and Substance Use 2018 SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling cared about by people in their lives is a factor associated with protection against both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who think the adults in their communities care about them “quite a bit” or “very much” are 1.9 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 1.9 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 2.3 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 2.4 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who think the adults in their communities only care “some,” “a little,” or “not at all.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling cared about by people in their lives is a factor associated with protection against both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who think their parents care about them “quite a bit” or “very much” are 2.4 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 2.3 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 2.9 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 4.3 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who think their parents only care “some,” “a little,” or “not at all.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling cared about by people in their lives is a factor associated with protection against both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who think their friends care about them “quite a bit” or “very much” are 1.5 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 1.5 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 1.7 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 2.3 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who think their friends only care “some,” “a little,” or “not at all.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Students were asked a series of questions about their relationships with teachers and other adults at their schools. The students represented in this indicator reported whether they agreed with the following statements:

• Overall, adults at my school treat students fairly

• Adults at my school listen to the students

• The school rules are fair

• At my school, teachers care about students

• Most teachers at my school are interested in me as a person

Response options for each of the five items are: strongly agree (coded as 4), agree (coded as 3), disagree (coded as 2), and strongly disagree (coded as 1). A teacher-student relationship score can be created by summing the values for each question, obtaining a range from 5 to 20.  Better teacher-student relationships are measured as students reporting an overall score of 15 or higher; this corresponds to an average of 3 or higher per question.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported better teacher-student relationships, those who reported worse teacher-student relationships were 2.4 times more likely to report alcohol use; 2.8 times more likely to report tobacco use; 2.9 times more likely to report marijuana use; and 3.3 times more likely to report prescription drug misuse.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

The Developmental Assets framework was devised by the Search Institute* to identify skills and behaviors that contribute to positive adolescent development. Survey questions were generated and grouped to compose a series of scales to assess such development. For the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (MSS), questions were added to facilitate analysis of the following scales: Social Competency, Positive Identity, and Empowerment (please visit SUMN.org for additional fact sheets).

The modified Empowerment Scale comprises 3 subsets of a question included on the Minnesota Student Survey as follows:

In general, how does each of the following statements describe you?

• I feel valued and appreciated by others
• I am included in family tasks and decisions
• I am given useful roles and responsibilities

The response options to these statements were, “Not at all or rarely,” “Somewhat or sometimes,” “Very or often,” and “Extremely or almost always.” These responses were assigned a numerical score of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Students with a total of 9 or more (an average of 3 or higher for the 3 questions) are considered by this scale to possess more, or a higher level of, empowerment.

A new method of analysis was introduced in 2019, to create consistency across agencies. Prior year data has been changed. For more information about the change, or for help in comparing your community's data, please email info@sumn.org.

* Note: The Search Institute's Empowerment Scale uses 6 indicators, rather than the 3 used by the MSS.
Items used and adapted with permission from Search Institute (2004). The Developmental Assets Profile. Minneapolis: Author. Copyright © 2004 by Search Institute (www.search-institute.org). All rights reserved.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

The Developmental Assets framework was devised by the Search Institute* to identify skills and behaviors that contribute to positive adolescent development. Survey questions were generated and grouped to compose a series of scales to assess such development. For the Minnesota Student Survey (MSS), questions were added to facilitate analysis of the following scales: Social Competency, Positive Identity, and Empowerment (please visit SUMN.org for additional fact sheets).

The Positive Identity Scale comprises 6 subsets of a question included on the Minnesota Student Survey as follows:

In general, how does each of the following statements describe you?

• I feel in control of my life and future
• I feel good about myself
• I feel good about my future
• I deal with disappointment without getting too upset
• I find ways to deal with the things that are hard in my life
• I am thinking about what my purpose is in life

Modifications to the Search Institute scale were made for 5^th graders on the first and last questions on the MSS. They were written as:

• I can shape and influence what happens in my life and future
• I think about what I want to do with my life when I grow up

The response options to these statements were, “Not at all or rarely,” “Somewhat or sometimes,” “Very or often,” and “Extremely or almost always.” These responses were assigned a numerical score of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Students with a total score of 18 or more (an average of 3 or higher for the 6 questions) are considered by this scale to have a high level of positive identity.

A new method of analysis was introduced in 2019, to create consistency across agencies. Prior year data has been changed. For more information about the change, or for help in comparing your community's data, please email info@sumn.org.

*Items used and adapted with permission from Search Institute (2004). The Developmental Assets Profile. Minneapolis: Author. Copyright© 2004 by Search Institute (www.search-institute.org). All rights reserved.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling cared about by people in their lives is a factor associated with protection against both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who think their relatives care about them “quite a bit” or “very much” are 2.1 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 2.0 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 2.6 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 3.5 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who think their relatives only care “some,” “a little,” or “not at all.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling cared about by people in their lives is a factor associated with protection against both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who think their teachers and other school adults care about them “quite a bit” or “very much” are 2.1 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 2.1 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 2.5 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 2.7 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who think their relatives only care “some,” “a little,” or “not at all.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Feeling safe and secure is a factor associated with both substance use and mental health disorders. According to 2019 MSS data, students who “strongly agree” or “agree” they feel safe in their neighborhoods are 1.9 times less likely to report past month alcohol use, 1.8 times less likely to report past month tobacco use, 2.2 times less likely to report past month marijuana use, and 3.4 times less likely to report any past month prescription drug misuse as compared to those who “disagree” or “strongly disagree.” N/A indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Self-harm is a risk factor for both substance use and mental health disorders.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported NO past-year self-harm, those who DID report self-harm were 2.4 times more likely to report alcohol use; 2.9 times more likely to report tobacco use; 2.7 times more likely to report marijuana use; and 5.1 times more likely to report prescription drug misuse.

N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

For more information on the association between self-harm and substance use, see the 2015 Mental Health and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Students with three or more internalizing disorders are considered to have a high distress level. Internalizing disorders are measured using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs--Short Screener (GAIN-SS). New to the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey, students were asked about "significant" problems. Significant means "having problems for two or more weeks, problems that keep coming back, problems that keep you from meeting your responsibilities, or problems that make you feel like you can't go on."

• Significant past 12 month problems with feeling very trapped, lonely, sad, blue, depressed, or hopeless about the future
• Significant past 12 month problems with sleep trouble, such as bad dreams, sleeping restlessly or falling asleep during the day
• Significant past 12 month problems with feeling very anxious, nervous, tense, scared, panicked or like something bad was going to happen
• Significant past 12 month problems with become very distressed and upset when something reminded you of the past
• Significant past 12 month problems with thinking about ending your life or committing suicide

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator: Students with three or more externalizing disorders are considered to have a high distress level. Externalizing disorders are measured using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs--Short Screener (GAIN-SS). New to the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey, students were asked about doing any of the following two or more times in the past 12 months:

• "Lie or con to get things you wanted or to avoid having to do something"
• "Have a hard time paying attention at school, work, or home"
• "Have a hard time listening to instructions at school, work, or home"
• "Be a bully or threaten other people"
• "Start fights with other people"

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts are strongly associated with substance use. According to Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, almost one-fourth of suicide victims are legally intoxicated when they die.

According to the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 17.2% of 9^th graders and 18.2% of 11^th graders nationally seriously considered attempting suicide in the past 12 months. 

N/A or * indicates that the data are unavailable or were not collected.

According to 2013 MSS data, compared to 8^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders who reported NO past-year suicidal ideation, those who DID report suicidal ideation were 2.3 times more likely to report alcohol use; 2.7 times more likely to report tobacco use; 2.7 times more likely to report marijuana use; and 4.6 times more likely to report prescription drug misuse.

For more information on the association between suicidal ideation and substance use, see the 2015 Mental Health and Substance Use SUMN Fact Sheet.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

In 2016, for the first time, students were asked:
"During the last 12 months, how often have you...

• hidden gambling/betting from your parents, other family members, or teachers?

• felt that you might have a problem with gambling/betting?

• skipped hanging out with friends who do not gamble/bet to hang out with friends who do gamble/bet?"

Response options included Never, Sometimes, Many times, and All of the time. Students who reported Sometimes, Many times, or All of the time for any of the above questions are considered to have engaged in any problematic gambling.

Gambling is associated with increased substance use. In 2016, students who reported gambling monthly or more frequently in the past year were twice as likely to report alcohol use in the past month, compared to students who gambled less frequently or not at all. They were also 2.1 times as likely to report tobacco use, 2.0 times as likely to report marijuana use, and 2.3 times as likely to report prescription drug misuse in the past month. Students reporting problematic gambling were even more likely to report past-month substance use.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

 In 2016, students were asked the following question:

"During the last 12 months, how often have you done the following gambling/betting activities?

• Played cards, bet on sports teams or games of personal skill, like video gaming, pool, golf, or bowling

• Bought lottery tickets or scratch-offs

• Gambled in a casino

• Gambled for money online"

Response options included Not at all, Less than once a month, About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, and Daily. Data here include any student who reported gambling About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, or Daily.

Gambling is associated with increased substance use. In 2016, students who reported gambling monthly or more frequently in the past year were twice as likely to report alcohol use in the past month, compared to students who gambled less frequently or not at all. They were also 2.1 times as likely to report tobacco use, 2.0 times as likely to report marijuana use, and 2.3 times as likely to report prescription drug misuse in the past month. Students reporting problematic gambling were even more likely to report past-month substance use.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

 In 2016, students were asked the following question:

"During the last 12 months, how often have you done the following gambling/betting activities?

• Played cards, bet on sports teams or games of personal skill, like video gaming, pool, golf, or bowling

• Bought lottery tickets or scratch-offs

• Gambled in a casino

• Gambled for money online"

Response options included Not at all, Less than once a month, About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, and Daily. Data here include any student who reported gambling About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, or Daily.

Gambling is associated with increased substance use. In 2016, students who reported gambling monthly or more frequently in the past year were twice as likely to report alcohol use in the past month, compared to students who gambled less frequently or not at all. They were also 2.1 times as likely to report tobacco use, 2.0 times as likely to report marijuana use, and 2.3 times as likely to report prescription drug misuse in the past month. Students reporting problematic gambling were even more likely to report past-month substance use.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

 In 2016, students were asked the following question:

"During the last 12 months, how often have you done the following gambling/betting activities?

• Played cards, bet on sports teams or games of personal skill, like video gaming, pool, golf, or bowling

• Bought lottery tickets or scratch-offs

• Gambled in a casino

• Gambled for money online"

Response options included Not at all, Less than once a month, About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, and Daily. Data here include any student who reported gambling About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, or Daily.

Gambling is associated with increased substance use. In 2016, students who reported gambling monthly or more frequently in the past year were twice as likely to report alcohol use in the past month, compared to students who gambled less frequently or not at all. They were also 2.1 times as likely to report tobacco use, 2.0 times as likely to report marijuana use, and 2.3 times as likely to report prescription drug misuse in the past month. Students reporting problematic gambling were even more likely to report past-month substance use.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)

About the Indicator:

 In 2016, students were asked the following question:

"During the last 12 months, how often have you done the following gambling/betting activities?

• Played cards, bet on sports teams or games of personal skill, like video gaming, pool, golf, or bowling

• Bought lottery tickets or scratch-offs

• Gambled in a casino

• Gambled for money online"

Response options included Not at all, Less than once a month, About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, and Daily. Data here include any student who reported gambling About once a month, About once a week, 2 to 6 times a week, or Daily.

Gambling is associated with increased substance use. In 2016, students who reported gambling monthly or more frequently in the past year were twice as likely to report alcohol use in the past month, compared to students who gambled less frequently or not at all. They were also 2.1 times as likely to report tobacco use, 2.0 times as likely to report marijuana use, and 2.3 times as likely to report prescription drug misuse in the past month. Students reporting problematic gambling were even more likely to report past-month substance use.

Data Source: Minnesota Student Survey (MSS)